Racism in Haiti

Prejudice In Haiti Racism is available all through the entire world in fact,Racism has existed all through mankind's history. It might be characterized as the disdain of one individual by another †or the conviction that someone else is not exactly human †as a result of skin shading, language, customs, spot of birth or any factor that as far as anyone knows uncovers the fundamental idea of that individual. however, in Haiti and the Dominican republic it is an altogether different variety of the word,. n reality on the off chance that prejudice is as the word reference characterizes it, at that point most likely another word must be developed to portray and clarify the occasions that occur against the Haitian people,where disdain and bigotry are characterized so seriously thus severely that one doesn't accept an individual an individual from one's own sexual orientation that another person is able to do such contempt, of such horrible conduct towards another person,.Because o f extraordinary destitution,. nresourcefull land,,and risky day to day environments the individuals of Haiti cross the outskirt into the Dominican republic,but they are gotten by the exceptional prejudice of the Dominican individuals where their own religion wich much of the time incorporates Haitian individuals and offer Haitian conviction separate and show scornful conduct towards the basic Haitian individuals who escape from their own nation with the guiltless motivation behind finding a superior life for themselves however are gotten by the cool pitiless abhor of the Dominican residents.Conclusion; Throughout this entire introduction we trust you have all been made mindful of the unfeeling treatment that Haitian individuals receive,At the start of my gatherings subject we sincerely didn't have the foggiest idea what's in store yet I never thought of such unpolished scenes of what is obviously bigotry and what may even be genocide,we trust that the entirety of this will urge you to help an individual you may know is being victimized on the grounds that prejudice is everywhere,and it can influence all of us from numerous points of view.

Social Studies Sba on Poverty

Name:Nicholas Benjamin School:Ferncourt High school Candidate #: Center #: 100035 Territory:Jamaica Teacher:Ms. M. Reid Title:Unemployment inside the network of Browns Town Table of Contents Chapter one (1)Acknowledgement Introduction Statement of the issue Reasons for choosing region of research Method of examination Chapter two (2)Instruments utilized in information assortment Procedures for information assortment Chapter three (3)Presentation of information Chapter four (4)Analysis and translations of information Chapter five (5)Statement of findingsRecommendations and usage technique Bibliography Introduction Browns Town is a little network situated in St Ann Jamaica. The Researcher has been an inhabitant of the network for as far back as 16 years and has seen that there is a significant level of joblessness inside the network throughout the years. The Researcher has chosen to direct an examination to locate the significant causes, and impacts of joblessness, and furthermore to d iscover the answers for the issue. Affirmation The Researcher might want to thank following people for their assistance in the finishing of this examination. Related article: Social Studies SBA on Drug AbuseThe respondents for their significant time spent noting the surveys. My educator, Miss Reid for her direction. The specialist might likewise want to thank his mom and individual schoolmates, for their benevolent help and support. Explanation of the Problem What elements represent the high pace of joblessness inside the network of Brown’s Town and how is the network influenced? Purposes behind choosing zone of research The Researcher has seen that there is an elevated level of joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town and might want to additionally look at the circumstances and end results to discover an answer for the problem.Method of examination The analyst has chosen to utilize printed survey as a methods for gathering information. As indicated by the oxford word reference, a poll is a lot of printed inquiries for finishing a review. The benefits of utilizing the surveys are as per the following: * It requires brief p eriod to be finished. * It can be finished at the comfort of the respondents. * It ensures classification since the respondents are not required to connect their names. * Distribution and assortment of surveys are not tedious. QuestionnaireTopic:What factors represent the high pace of joblessness inside the network of Brown’s Town and how the network is influenced? Instruction:This isn't a test; answer all inquiries as honestly as could reasonably be expected. Spot a tick at the fitting answer or round out where important. 1) What sexual orientation do you have a place with? Male Female 2) What age bunch do you have a place? 18-25 years 25-33 years 34-40 years 41-over years 3) How long have you been living in the network of Brown’s Town? 1 year 1-2 years 3-4 years 5 years and more than 4) Do you think joblessness is a significant issue in the network of Brown’s Town?YES NO 5) Which sexual orientation do you accept most jobless individuals have a place? Male Fema le 6) What is the significant reason for joblessness? a) Not completely qualified b) Lack of work openings c) High transportation cost d) Other __________________________________ 7) How would you accept joblessness influence the person? __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 8) How does joblessness influence families in the network of Brown’s Town? a) Poverty ) Absenteeism(one parent leaving to discover work in another zone) c) Prostitution d) High anxiety in families 9) How would you accept joblessness influence the network? an) Increase wrongdoing and savagery b) Increase in destitution c) Migration of gifted and qualified people d) More Juvenile delinquents 10) How does joblessness influence the kids in families? an) Absents from school b) Lack of Proper social insurance c) Lack legitimate sustenance d) Children turning out to be delinquents 11) Do you think being sufficient is done to decrease joblessness? Truly No 12) Give purposes behind your answer in 11 above. _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 13) Which of the accompanying do you believe is liable for the elevated level of joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town? a) The individual b) The administration c) The Business people group d) Other ___________________________ 14) Do you accept the issue of joblessness can be lightened in the network of Brown’s Town? Truly No 15) What can the network do to diminish the significant level of joblessness? a) Provide abilities preparing focuses b) Provide work openings ) Help people to get completely qualified d) Encourage Entrepreneurship Procedures for gathering information The exploration was directed in the network of Brown’s Town. A sum of ten surveys were given to haphazardly chosen respondents. Of these ten (10) respondents, four (4) were guy s and six (6) were females. The respondents lived in the region one (1) to ten (10) years. A portion of the surveys were quickly finished and returned while others were gathered the next day. Each of the (10) surveys were finished and returned. Figure 1:A pie outline demonstrating the reactions question # 4.Do you think joblessness is a significant issue in the network of Brown’s Town? In the pie graph over nine (9) or (90%) of the respondents concurred that joblessness is a significant issue in the network of Brown’s Town. One (1) or (10%) said no. Figure 2:Bar chart demonstrating the reactions to address # 6. What is the significant reason for joblessness in Browns Town? In the reference diagram over two or (20%) of the respondents concur that high transportation cost is the significant reason for joblessness in Brown’s Town. Three(3)or thirty percent(30%) accept not completely qualified.The staying five (5) or 50% (half) said absence of work openings. Figure 3: A Bar Graph demonstrating the reactions to address # 8. How does joblessness influence families in the network of Brown’s town? In the Bar Graph over four (4) or (40%) accept joblessness increment high feeling of anxiety in families, two (2) or (20%) it expands Prostitution, one (1) or (10%) accept there is a non-attendance (One parent leaving to discover work in another territory). The staying three (3) or (30%) accept joblessness influences the amilies in the network of Brown’s Town by methods for neediness. Figure 5:A pie graph indicating the reactions question #11. Do you accept enough is being done to decrease joblessness? The pie outline above states three (3) or (30%) of the respondents concurred that enough is being done to diminish joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town. seven (7) or (70%) oppose this idea. Figure 4:A table demonstrating the reactions to Question #9. How would you accept joblessness influence the network? Responses| # of Responde nts| % of Respondents| Increase Crime and Violence| 5| 50%|Increase in poverty| 3| 30%| Migration of gifted and qualified workers| 1| 10%| More adolescent delinquents| 1| 10%| total| 10| 100%| In the Table over five (5) or 50% (half) of the respondents accept there is an expansion in wrongdoing and viciousness. Three (3) or (30%) think there’s an expansion in destitution. One (1) or (10%) accept that talented and qualified laborers have relocated . The staying one (1) or ten percent(10%) accept there are different approaches to lessen the significant level of joblessness. Figure 6: A Bar Graph demonstrating the reactions to address #13.Which of the accompanying do you believe is liable for the significant level of joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town? In the visual diagram above four(4) or (40%) of the respondents concur that the individual is liable for the reason for joblessness in Brown’s Town. Another four (4) or (40%) accept the legislature. One (1) o r ten (10%) of the respondents thinks it is the business network and the staying one (1) or (10%) said others are liable for the elevated level of joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town. Figure 7:A Table demonstrating the reactions to Question # 15.What can the network do to lessen the significant level of joblessness? Responses| # of Respondents| % of Respondents| Provide abilities preparing centers| 3| 30%| Provide work opportunities| 4| 40%| Help people to get completely qualified| 2| 20%| Encourage Entrepreneurship| 1| 10%| Total| 10| 100%| In the Table over three (3) or (30%) of the respondents accept the network ought to give aptitudes preparing focuses to decrease the significant level of joblessness . Four (4) or forty percent(40%) figure the network ought to give business opportunities.Two (2) or twenty percent(20%) accept the network should assist individual with getting completely qualified . The staying one (1) or ten percent(10%) accept there are different ap proaches to decrease the elevated level of joblessness. Investigation and translation of Data According to google. com/word reference joblessness is a circumstance wherein individuals are without occupations either in light of the fact that they are reluctant to acknowledge accessible employments or on the grounds that there are no employments accessible. In view of the examination directed, joblessness is a significant issue in the network of Brown’s Town.This is represented in figure 1, a pie diagram demonstrating 90% of the respondents saying yes joblessness is a significant issue in the network while the staying 10% said no. The examination has additionally uncovered that joblessness has numerous causes. In light of the reactions of the respondents, where 10% percent accepted that high transportation cost is a significant reason for joblessness, 40% accepted absence of capability is the reason and another 30% said absence of work openings while the remaining

Financial Accounting Reporting - 550 Words

Financial Accounting Reporting (Essay Sample) Content: Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Financial Accounting and Reporting Question 1 Workings (Account Adjustments) Trade Payables A/C Dr Amount Cr Amount Bal b/d 11,700.00 Bal b/f 11,200.00 Material Purchase 500.00       11,700.00    11,700.00 bal c/f 11,700.00 Cash A/C Dr Amount Cr Amount Bal b/f 11,700.00 Purchase 500.00 Sales 240.00 Wages 260.00    Bal c/f 11,180.00    11,940.00    11,940.00 Bal c/f 11,180.00 Purchases Dr Amount Dr Amount Bal bdf 12,400.00 Bal b/f 13,400.00 Cash 500.00    Credit 500.00          13,400.00    13,400.00 Bal b/d 13,400.00 Sales A/C Dr Amount Cr Amount Bal b/f 15,640.00 Bal b/f 14,600.00 cash 240.00 Credit 800.00       15,640.00    15,640.00 Bal b/d 15,640.00 Recievables Dr Amount Cr Amount Bal B/f 12,000.00    Sales 800.00    Bal b/d 12,800.00       12,800.00    12,800.00 Bal b/f 12,800.00 ABC Trial Balance ABC Trial Balance March 31, 20x7    Unadjusted Adjusted Item Dr ($) Cr ($) Dr ($) Cr ($) Bank Loan 12,000.00 12,000.00 Cash 11,700.00    11,180.00    Capital 13,000.00 13,000.00 Rent 1,880.00    1,880.00    Trade payables 11,200.00 11,700.00 Purchases 12,400.00    13,400.00    Sales 14,600.00 15,600.00 Sundry Payables 1,620.00    1,620.00 Recievables 12,000.00    12,800.00    Bank loan on Interest 1,400.00    1,400.00 1,400.00 Other Expenses 11,020.00    12,380.00    Vehicles 2,020.00    2,020.00    Wages    260.00    Equity 3,240.00                      Total 54,040.00 54,040.00 55,320.00 55,320.00                ABC Profit and Loss Account ABC Profit and Loss Account March 31 20x7 Amount Sales       15,600.00       Cost of sales 12,400.00       Gross Profit 3,200.00       Expenses    Rent 1,880.00    Wages 260.00    Bank loan interest 1,400.00    Other Expenses 11,020.00 14,560.00       Profit/Loss (11,360.00)                                           Question 2: Consolidated Financial Statements How information needs of different user groups vary Financial information obtained from reports is used by a wide number of stakeholders in all business industries. Users of financial information are divided into external and internal users. Despite the class or group of user one is placed, it is necessary to take note of the fact that users need this information to make better financial decision (Jury 2012, pp. 42-49). Financial information users are therefore classified or listed as follows; * Internal users * Management * Employees * Owners/ Shareholders Financial information is always presented to internal users in the form of management accounts, budgets, forecasts and financial statements. The above tools or documents are important to the users in that they need them to steer effective decision to the company. Ranging from pricing, allocations and investment decisions, it is wise for a user to consider comprehensive usage of these statements. Management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Management is considered to be the engine of any organization. This is because the management takes charge of day to day running of the organization. Based on this, the management needs financial information to help them analyze organizational performance and position. From effective analysis of organizational position, the management will be well placed to make appropriate decisions towards improving company results. The manner in which management uses financial information is different from how other users apply the same. For example, management needs a budget to determine allocation and funds sourcing for various projects. It is important to note management is a center of decision making when it comes to resource allocation, investment and income sharing. This makes the management a vital user of financial information. Employees - Every company or organization is served by employees, this implies that employees need vital information for effective service delivery. In most cases, employees assess various situations such profitability and stability among others. It is important to note that employees find it pleasing working for well performing and stable organizations. To ascertain the stability of their employers, employees use information from financial statements such as balance sheet, income statement and forecast among others. Employees love working for organizations with a going concern concept. A going concept in any organizations is only assessable through information obtained from balance sheet and income statement. Owners à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Owners or shareholders happen to be a special group of information users. This is because they have a special interest in terms of financial investment. Based on the fact that owners invest and expect income, it is the important to provide them with information that will help them analyze key areas such as viability and profitability among others. In most cases, a number of owners or shareholder have increased or reduced their investment interest based on financial information provided. It is therefore necessary that the owners are served with valuable financial information to determine key course of action regarding the future. * External users * Creditors * Tax authorities * Investors * Customers * Regulatory authorities External users just like internal users must be informed through the use of financial information. This is because, external user are engaged in a number of transactions or business activities with these organizations. Creditors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Creditors are part of day to day operation of any organization. Creditors such as suppliers of both goods and services must ascertain various positions of companies such as credit worthiness. Credit worthiness of a business organization can only be ascertained by analyzing its statement of financial position (balance sheet) and income statements. Based on such information, a creditor will be able to determine the kind credit facility to offer the organization. Tax authorities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Tax obligation lies with all business organizations. However; in most cases, tax authorities need to conduct a verification process on the credibility of returns filled by various organizations. To ascertain the credibility of filled returns, tax authorities often take a keen look at the financial statements which communicate the revenue and expenditures of the organization. These authorities are therefore vital users of the financial information provide. Investors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Investors have a lot of considerations to make to before making any investment decisions. For wise investment, investors must consider vital areas such as feasibility of investing in accompany. From the word go, all investors aim at making good returns. It is therefore necessary to apply good analysis of the financial information provided to ascertain stability of the company how possible is a positive return from kind of investments (Khan Jain 2007, pp. 17-21). The main reason as to why investors find financial information necessary is the fact that they want to be sure of reasonable return before making any commitment. Customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Every organizatio...

The Detrimental Effects of Teenage Drug Abuse in the UK

The use of drugs by teenagers today has caused a concern in the UK. Teenagers are unknown to the effects that drugs can cause physically and mentally. It is very important that there is awareness on drug abuse among young people. Since the usage of drugs not only affects the body, it also affects many aspects of a person’s daily life. Firstly, it affects the social life, causing isolation, which is one of the most common effects that happen due to drug usage. Secondly, it affects family and relationships. Due to the addiction of drugs, sometimes families abandon their children or lose their trust on them. Lastly, drug use affects people financially and professionally. Depending on drugs, causes the financial strain to be devastating, as†¦show more content†¦When taking amphetamine, users start to get anxious, tense and if they take a heavy dose over a long period of time, they get linked to the mental illness, psychosis. Some drugs, like cannabis, cause the user to b ecome paranoid. Cocaine can cause extreme alertness, impaired judgment, impulsiveness, and compulsively repeated acts. Even though, cocaine is used to enhance the sex drive, the effect that it has on the receptors in the brain reduces the ability to feel pleasure, which eventually causes the dependency on the drug. Another drug that has a powerful effect on the body is Ritalin. Ritalin causes severe headaches, anxiety, paranoia and delusions. These are some of the psychological effects that drugs cause to the human body. Following the usage of drugs, young people’s social lives and relationships get affected harshly. Most teens find refuge from current problems by taking drugs. Once a person starts using drugs, they gradually start drifting apart from family and friends. For them, drugs are their only life lines, and the reason to live. The most common effect that drugs have on social lives is isolation. This eventually starts effecting family, as the family starts getting dysfunctional. 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The Marxist Model Of Class Struggles - 1052 Words

The Marxist Model is thoroughly used throughout the duration of The Communist Manifesto to break down the complexity of the pamphlet into 3 parts. The 3 parts include history, economics, and social class; each collaboratively explaining the alienation of certain social classes and how class struggles arise. Karl Marx presents the notion that history is inevitable and the idea of class struggles will always be present in society. Marx recounts the numerous times in society where social classes crashed and ended in a revolution. By understanding Marx’s premises, we can conclude that as long as there is capitalism, class struggles will always be prevalent. In terms of economics, Karl Marx explains that the proletarians are constantly being†¦show more content†¦Normally historical references are an effective way to draw the reader to a better understanding, but in terms of the Communist Manifesto, that would be dubbed inaccurate. Marx takes the time to compare those classes that evolved out of the Modern Industrial era to those within the feudal system. Provided, knowing that the feudal system was a system that occurred before the time of capitalism, the connection between the two wasn t comprehensible nor was the overarching argument Marx was attempting to present to the reader. In addition, another method Marx used that was effective and lead to a broader understanding of the argument he was trying to unveil was his ability to critique the principles of other movements. The Communist Manifesto is inevitably a difficult read for general intro level political science students. While being incredibly interesting and maintaining my attention cover to cover, its concepts, analogies and theories many times went over my head. I caught myself reviewing a paragraph 4 times over, simply to understand the gist of it. I conclude that The Communist Manifesto was written in a manner that would ultimately eliminate many from understanding the principles of communism. It was written at a high intellectual capacity, which will in essence deny those who are not educated from being knowledgeable on the ideology. Furthermore, Karl Marx ability to state an argument in the most simplistic

D. W. Griffiths Birth of a Nation Analysis free essay sample

D. W. Griffith was raised on a Kentucky farm in Crestwood, with his father, his mother, and sister. His father was a colonel in the Confederate Army, and served Kentucky as a state legislator. His family raised him Methodist, and his sister did his schooling in a one-room schoolhouse. At the age of 10, his father died and his mother left the farm to move to Louisville, Kentucky. They struggled with poverty after that, and he eventually got into acting and filmmaking. He started off as an actor when his first screenplay was rejected. However, he started working with a production company called Biograph, and soon became the main director. However, his intentions and budget did not match up with Biographs ideas and motives, so he left with his clan of actors and formed a studio by the name of Reliance- Majestic Studios under the Mutual Film Corporation. When he made The Clansman, it became the first blockbuster. It was untraditionally long in airtime, and had great box office sales. However, there was controversy over the themes and romanticism of the Ku Klux Klan, and race relations during the Civil War and Reconstruction. From a technical side, this movie was successful, and many film historians conclude it was one of the irst feature length films. In Birth of a Nation, it reinforces the notion that slavery was a social and gentle experience for the slaves in many instances throughout the film. When there was a scene with the slaves, they were depicted dancing, singing, and being Jubilant. Even when Silas Lynch, the mulatto governor of the North, tells slaves to stop working, they put up a fght and do not want to stop. Then, there are many more cutbacks to slaves dancing around outside, and having a good time throughout parts of the film. This depiction enforces the Dunning School of History very closely for many reasons. It seems as though Griffith represented a lot of the ideals present in the school of thought in this movie. He showed that the South was suffering under the Union army, and did not present a real cause to the war. Basically, the South was already suffering with the start of the film, and was painted to feel sorry for. The Cameron family got poorer at the start of the war, while the Stoneman family in the North remained wealthy. In the movie, it depicts the Union army, with freed slaves, as a disaster, with irrationally hateful attitudes towards the South. The abolitionists, arpetbaggers, and Radical Republicans are the antagonists in the film, and Justify the forming of the vigilante group, the Ku Klux Klan. He depicted the Ku Klux Klan restoring order to the Post-war South in reaction to the misrule of their country. The freed slaves and Union army soldiers are portrayed as unnecessarily violent and sex crazed. This represents the Dunnings school notion that the former slaves will never be fully assimilated into the society because of their true nature that disrupts the natural order of their society. Moving on, the five character types Donald Bogle talks about are maintained in his film. First, Id like to mention the Cameron family maid named Mammy. An obvious portrayal of the mammy included darker skin, which is supposed to de sex the character, as well as a round body shape that is supposed to come off as motherly, which turtner takes away trom ner sexuality. In the tilm, sne is viewed as constantly loyal to the Camerons, in the face of the Union soldiers and people from up North. When the Stonemans butler comes into town, she is antagonistic towards him with her attitude. She denies the bags he tries to hand off to her, and eventually sserts her superiority in her house by kicking him into the back room. When he tries to express his sexuality towards her, she brushes him off, which further enforces the idea that the free blacks are over sexualized. The biggest sense of loyalty from Mammy we see is when she tries to protect her master from union soldiers arresting him for being in the Ku Klux Klan. Gus, the Union Solider, seems to be best associated with brute and coon tendencies, which is characterized by his sexuality towards Flora. The union soldiers in general represent the brutal buck character type because they are seen as violent, ncontrollable and sexualized in the film. Gus, also has coon tendencies, however, in the way his character expresses himself. His eyes are very big and full of expression, and seem to be laughed at a lot. He is used as comic relief in addition to his role as an instigator to the Ku Klux Klan. When he comes onto Flora, he is overly sexual and aggressive towards her. He seems to be out of control as soon as the interaction starts, and ends with a chasing scene through the forest. This goes along with the Moonlight and Magnolia theme that white women are the epitome of beauty, and how frail and delicate they seem. Silas Lynch is also depicted as overly aggressive in his pursuit and proposal to Elsie Stoneman. This represents the fear of miscegenation, as well as rape. The skewed view promotes the domination of women through portrayals of white women and black soldiers. The Stoneman housekeeper, Lydia, is portrayed as a mistress mulatto character. She is seen flirting with her master, and is one of the few character types to have a sexuality. Also, she is seen with the most humane depiction of anguish throughout the film. This indicates there might have been miscegenation, which was risky at the time because of the racial ensions in the south. To soften the blow to the white audiences in the South, she was portrayed with an antagonistic, even immature, persona towards the Stoneman family, and played a small role in the movie overall. She is also painted to be a schemer, and her light skin is an indicator of her sexuality, that contrasts the skin tone and servility of the mammy. The Tom represented in this film seems to be more of a plural, background character. In both houses, there seems to be a gentile, loyal, butler that are easily manageable, and used to enforce the idea that slavery is right. All the character types work to that effect, but what is interesting here is that the Tom and Coons seems to fade into the background, and are used as placeholders. The Stoneman family butler seems to be the most prevalent Tom character in the movie, and is not seen talking much in the film, Just in the background to enforce the idea of servants in the house to represent wealth. Before going on, more Moonlight and Magnolia themes are present in the film, which also coincides with the Dunning school of history. The southerners were viewed as heroic underdogs, even though they started the war. The cause of the war is conveniently left out; The South seceding from the Union, the split in Congress about slavery in new territories, and the attack on Fort Sumpter by the Conferederate army. Even Lincolns portrayal was skewed, as he was seen a saintly character in favor of slavery. His assassination was dramatized, and marked the start ot Reconstruction. Silas Lynch was elected Lieutenant Governor, and the newly elected, mostly black legislature was depicted as cheats and lazy. The blacks were stuffing the ballot box while the Southern whites were turned away. The scene in the courtroom showed the legislature as rresponsible, more into drinking alcohol and roughhousing than being responsible. This is an example of the belief that blacks will never be a fully functioning part of the Southern American society. The Tom represented in this film seems to be more servants in the house to represent wealth. I believe that Griffiths film should be regarded as slanderous, because the history presented is so offensively biased. It is like he painted the history to make up what he believed to be true. History is not as subjective as he makes it out to be. It is so far from the truth, and romanticizes the prising of a terrible group, the Ku Klux Klan. In no way should the actions of those hooded members be glorified. What they did in history was appalling, to say the least, and void of compassion. No Justification will ever convince me otherwise. I found this film to be offensive, and full of lives; so much so, it seems like a fantasy world of Griffiths. All of his character portrayals were in defense of slavery. His movie Just helped to perpetuate terrible stereotypes today, and has done way more harm than good. I am glad we have come a long way since this film has come out, and that his iews do not coincide with the majority consensus about our society. I wish it did not have such great success, because the impact it had on the film industry was detrimental on a moral level. The film had great box office success, but that Just represents how the Souths view on slavery needed to be addressed. Justifying slavery of another group of people is so wrong; where is the compassion? This film should not be regarded as a masterpiece, but a slanderous anti-negro portrayal, as Donald Bogle puts it. His legacy should be that of what not to do; and his views seen as void of reason or basis in reality.

The Concept of Skill Mix in the Health Economy

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Description of Skill Mix Discussion Evaluation Conclusion Reference List Abstract This paper describes the concept of skill mix and evaluates its adoption in the health economy. A theoretical approach has been applied to explain skill mix in the healthcare sector. Various examples have been provided to show how skills mix has been applied in the economy. A discussion about the topic has been provided to show the link between theory and practical application of skill mix in the economy today.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Concept of Skill Mix in the Health Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Several concepts and theories formulated address the need to improve service delivery and overall effectiveness and efficacy of health institutions (Jones et al, 2005). Skill mix acts as a solution to solving staffing problems and increasing overall patie nt care as practiced in a number of health institutions around the world. When looking at the benefits of skill mix, managers are concerned with the impact of the intervention on overall profitability of the healthcare institutions and any notable change in the physician or nurse-to-patient relationship (Buchan, n.d.). Skill Mix is the concept of complementing or substituting a given skilled professional with a similar skilled professional. In the health economy, skill mix happens between and within nurses and doctors (Kernick Scott, 2002a). Arguments for or against skill mix concern the substitutions of doctors with nurses or the diversification of their roles and responsibilities. Assigning of specific roles for doctors and nurses in the past took gender dimensions. Gender roles in the traditional family where women support their husband’s careers shaped up the initial doctor nurse relationship. In a similar way nursing as a women’s profession support doctors (Banha m Conelly 2002). Health economy encompasses the function of health care as an extension of health. Therefore, health economy looks into demand for health, supply for health and factors that influence the equilibrium in the pricing of health care (Eastaugh 2004). Unlike other goods and services, healthcare does not fall into a specific category of consumer or producer role (Harris 2005). Each individual encounters health in four basic ways according to the Grossman model; as a consumer, manufacturer, as a public overseer and as a contributor to the provision healthcare (McGuire, Henderson Mooney 1988). The management of the health economy looks into the satisfaction of the patient, cure and elimination of the factors that lead to the eventuality of poor health (McCormack McCance 2010).Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Health economy deals with the allocation of resources in providing patient treatment and care. Therefore, the subject involves physicians and nurses and patients. Other than measuring effectiveness of provided cure, health economy extends to capture externalities arising from health choices made by practitioners or beneficiaries (Harris, 2005). Description of Skill Mix In recent times, the idea of having a family like doctor nurse relationship is no longer viable. Nursing is no longer an exclusive profession for women. The claim for equality by women around the world has extended form their womanhood to their vocations. Nurses now are not just assisting doctors, but have their independence and perform holistic tasks in patient care. Such tasks include â€Å"production of complex theories that are based on sociology and psychology, the creation of a pseudoscience from assessing patients and finally writing of care plans during the nursing process† (Banham Conelly 2002, p. 5). Women’s autonomy has pushed open communication s between doctors and nurses. Now there are an increasing number of male nurses and female doctors. Focus has shifted from the hierarchy of doctors and nurses to the value of nurses. Nurses now assume titles previously used only by doctors and other medical practitioners such as nurse consultants (Mason et al. 2006). Furthermore, nursing now encompasses an enhancement of the nurse’s competency such that nurses overlap doctors on day-to-day patient care tasks (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations 2005). While previously nurses worked exclusively under doctors, their new autonomy puts them in complementary positions with doctors. As nurses’ work on roles previously administered by doctors, they reduce the doctors working hours and hence serve as a cost reduction because nurses’ pay is lower than doctors’ pay. The traditional doctor-centred model of care where nurses contributed medical continuity is no longer forthcoming and now em erging is a shift aimed at multidisciplinary team methodology that is able to react rapidly to the changing health needs of patient and whose composition assigns the nurse a centre role (Coombs 2004).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Concept of Skill Mix in the Health Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When adopting skill mix as an efficiency improvement strategy, it is paramount that balance personnel within a staff area and between different staff groups are maintained. In the case of the health economy, this will involve balancing doctor and nurse numbers and the tasks assigned to doctors and nurses (Cribb 2005). Therefore, a broad look into skill mix in the health economy will cover issues like the work force, workload requirements in the primary care of patients, how enhanced roles and boundaries between doctors and nurses are defined (Jenkins-Clarke et al. 1997). There exists no common entry point for the examination of inter-related issues of doctor nurse roles and skill mix (Buchan Calman 2005). Different countries and regions exhibit separate variations in the mix of different health care professions. Each country or region’s adoption of a particular characteristic of skill mix is an upshot of several driving forces that are not equally important (Dyro 2004). These drivers are â€Å"skill shortages, cost containment, quality improvement, technological innovation; new medical interventions, new health sector programs or initiatives, health sector reform and changes in legislative/regulatory environment† (Buchan Calman 2005, p. 18). For skill mix to addresses the above issues, however, it is not the panacea solution. In addition, skill mix has to have a proper configuration in the system to realize maximum benefits in efficiency improvement (Jenkins-Clarke et al. 1997). In consideration of the different skillsets of doctors and nurses, skill mixing work s best in team settings (Hall Buch 2009). Health professionals working in teams can easily contribute their unique expertise to the attainment of a common goal of the team (Kernick Scott 2002a). Kernick and Scott (2002b) identify three relationship types within teams using the skill mix in their structure. Coactive relationship types where there is delegation of activity. This relationship assumes that one team member has more authority than other team members have and can choose what to delegate. This type of relationship is the most common in the provision of primary health care. Secondly, there is the competitive team relationship where parties work on competing goals or similar ones. Doctor and nurse relationship in the U.S. fall under this category because nurses perform the same tasks as doctors of prescribing medicine and issuing hospital admittance rights.Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the interactive team relationship exhibits a sharing of responsibilities and equal collaboration. Practitioners have individual skills in the team however; their specific skill contribution does not have a demarcation as in the case of coactive relationships (Kernick Scott 2002b) In the formation of teams, leaders or the team appointing authority, seek to have team members who have skills needed in accomplishing the designated tasks for the team (West 2004). Team composition therefore encourages diversity to be fully competent in the tasks (Harris 2005). A skill review ensures that there is a balance in the skill mix of teams. The skill review consists of a discovery of the activities that the team will carry out, the persons that are currently performing the activities and the new assignees of the activity, and the skill levels of the assignees in relation to the minimum skill required to perform the tasks (Harris 2005). Additionally, a skill review looks at the possibili ty of combining activities to come up with new activities and group formations within the team. Emphasis is laid on identifying technical skills required in the team that are absent or currently offered at a high cost when creating or adjusting team compositions to improve efficiency and reduce costs (Harris 2005). Discussion Buchan and Dal Poz (2002) in their review of the evidence of skill mix in the health care workforce conclude that there are a limited number of empirical studies in the topic of skill mix in the health workforce. Studies that have moved beyond the description of skill mix in health care are constrained by weak methodologies, inappropriate evaluations of outcome and cost and their use of small sample sizes (Buchan Dal Poz 2002). Limitations of the conclusion by Buchan and Dal Poz (2002) in their study include the fact that the authors examined evidence from a majority of studies conducted in the USA. Their findings do not reflect the whole spectrum of available literature worldwide and therefore are only usable when examining the case scenario in the USA. The authors note that the concept of mixing qualified and unqualified practitioners was publicly adopted in the 1990s to contain costs in North America was a pioneer concept and it resulted to the re-examination of nursing skill mix in many countries, organization and sectors (Buchan Dal Poz 2002). Findings of the study highlight the misgivings of nurses when they are replaced or when their skills are undervalued and argue that cheaper substitution strategies in skill mix are not guaranteed to be cost effective. The authors cite negative externalities associated with the adoption of cheaper skill mix such as higher absenteeism associated with less qualified personnel and their reduced turnover rates. They note that cheap skill mix increases the levels of staff unproductive times as the care givers are not autonomous and only act on the direction of their supervisors. Furthermore, cheap skill mix increases the possibility of care assistants to harm patients when their jurisdiction extends beyond their skill capacity (Buchan Dal Poz 2002). Mix of workers in an institution make it productively efficient and in the case of the health economy, mixing of health leads to significant impacts on the delivery of health care services (Fulton et al. 2011). The production process of health care uses health care inputs such as facilities, equipment, systems, pharmaceuticals and other non-health care inputs necessary for any organization’s proper functioning. Combinations of skill mixes produce health services in different settings (Fulton et al. 2011). Fulton et al. (2011) examined health workforce skill mix in relation to the patient health outcome, costs and quality. The authors studied the creation of new cadres designed to boost productivity and make it possible to scale operations rapidly to improve patient access and reduce wage bills and worker training costs (Fu lton et al. 2011). Task shifting is a substitution of tasks among professionals and the delegation of tasks to lower level trained professionals and creation of new cadre as well as task delegation to non-professionals (Shumbusho et al. 2009). Their study findings indicate that the training of lower cadre professionals in specific important patient handling skills is a cost effective way of increasing workforce to cater for special patient needs that would otherwise require extra commitment in time and money for formal training of nurses. Secondly, the authors find out that in implementing skill mix, supervision and training form the most important component for quality health care. Therefore despite the ease of scalability (Gaist 2009) when using lower trained personnel, management need to ensure that highly skilled professionals handle the delegation of duties and supervise their implementation to maintain quality and facilitate skill transfer (Fulton et al. 2011). The benefits of shifting of task from the traditional professionals’ cadres to new ones such as care of specific patient categories form nurses to community health workers are noticeable when an analysis of cost effectiveness is used to make appropriate comparisons (Hongoro McPake 2004). The context of the application of skill mix dictates the success or failure if the skills mix policy. These contextual factors are political support, available infrastructure, leadership and training offered and finally the living conditions of the patients and the practitioners (Fulton et al. 2011). The authors Fulton et al. (2011) acknowledge that their literature review only focused on studies published in 2006 but also confirm that main findings in their study offer substantial evidence that downplays the omission of other studies in their literature review. Other limitations offered of their study are publication bias and reporting bias of the articles examined in their literature review and the autho rs do not offer an estimate of the potential bias (Peat, Mellis Williams 2002). Finally the authors indicate limitations of small study samples and different educational requirements for health practitioners in different countries create a challenge in establishing a control when comparing studies from different countries (Fulton et al. 2011). Evaluation The examination of skill mix effectiveness should consider the impacts of new technologies such as e-health and telemedicine. Fulton et al (2011) note that use of these and similar technologies provide positive externalities in terms of skill transfer and scalability (Fulton et al. 2011). In Britain, the Health Committee of the House of Commons found out that poor conceiving or skill mix changes does not lead to any improvement in productivity or a reduction in cost (Health Committee 2006-07). The Health Committee further noted that nurses generate the same quality of care as doctors but use more resources than doctors. Therefore, the savings provided by low nurses’ salary are eaten up by the resources needed (Health Committee 2006-07). Fixing of attention on the health economy benefits of skill mixing in terms of cost savings limits the overall economic evaluation of the concept (Cowen Moorhead 2006). The review of benefits does not put into consideration the unique nature of the health economy as compared to other economies (Culyer Newhouse (eds.) 2000). Managerial analysis of skill mix has to be pragmatic putting into account that stoppage of individual work towards shared goals by nurses and doctors to participate in care-teams might downgrade and make labour routine, thus lowering quality of health worker and patient experience while fitting financial goals of the institution (Buchan Calman 2005). Successful economic evaluation of skill mix offers a comparison in alternative interventions (Yoder-Wise 2003). Economic evaluation assists to note effectiveness of the skill mix intervention and it e nsures that there is a maximum output for a given resource level or a minimum cost is endured to get a desired benefit level. Inefficiency implies that patient benefits are not maximally harnessed from available resources (Dierick-van Deale et al. 2010). Economic evaluation of skill mix looks at efficiency of using inputs like doctors or general health practitioners to obtain a specific output (Maynard Scott 2003). In the health economy inputs are comprised of doctors, nurses, professions allied to medicine, the premises used in administering health care and the equipment used (Kernick Scott 2002a). Outputs include clinical benefits of the patients like blood pressure, health status and the quality of life where this can be generic quality or disease specific quality, non-health benefits brought about by the health care such as choice and reassurance, accessibility and approachability of health care and finally continuation of the care (Kernick Scott 2002b). Conclusion Skill mix is an important aspect that modern healthcare institutions have focused on using to enable them improves the performance of their professionals. Mix of workers in an institution makes it productively efficient and in the case of the health economy, mixing of health leads to significant impacts on the delivery of health care services. Assigning of specific roles for doctors and nurses in the past took gender dimensions. 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S Moorhead, S. 2006, Current Issues in Nursing, 7th edn, Mosby-Elsevier, St. Louis. Cribb, A. 2005, Health and the good society: setting healthcare ethics in social context, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Culyer, A. J, Newhouse, J. P. (eds.) 2000, Handbook of health economics, Volume 1, Part 2, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Denny, E Earle, S 2005, Sociology for nurses, Malden, MA: Polity Press Dierick-van Deale, AT, Steuten, LM, Derckx, EW, Metsemakers, JF, Spreeuwenberg, C Vrijhoef, HJ 2010, ‘Economic evaluation of nurse practitioners versus GPs in treating common conditions’, The British Journal of General Practice, vol 60, no. 570, pp. e28-e35. Dyro, JF 2004, Clinical engineering handbook, Malden, MA: Academic Press Eastaugh, SR 2004, Health care finance and economics, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA. Fulton, BD, Scheffer, RM, Sparks, SP, Auh, EY, Vujicic, M Soucat, A 2011, ‘Health workforce skill mix and task shifting in low income countries: a review of recent evidence’, Human Resource for Health, vol 9, no. 1. Gaist, PA 2009, Igniting the power of community: the role of CBO and NGO in Global Public Health, Springer, New York, NY. Hall, ML Buch, E 2009, ‘Skill mix decision – making for nursing’, Series Paper, ISBN: 978-92-95065-75-8, International Centre for Human Resources in Nursing, Geneva. Harris, MG 2005, Managing health services: concepts and practice, 2nd edn, Elsevier, Marrickville. Health Committee 2006-07, ‘Workforce planning: fouth report on session 2006-07, Volume 1’, Session Report, Health Committee, Great Britain House of Commons, House of Commons. Hongoro, C McPake, B 2004, ‘How to bridge the gap in human resources for health’, Lancet, vol 356, pp. 1451-1456. Jenkins-Clarke, S, Carr-Hill, R, Dixon, P Pringle, M 1997, ‘Skill Mix in Primary Care, A study of the interface between general practitioners and other members of the primary health care team’, University of York, Center for Health Economics, York. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations 2005, Accreditation Manual for Critical Access Hospitals, Joint Commission Resources, Oakbrook Terrace. Jones, R, Britten, N, Grol, R, Mant, D, Culpepper, L, Gass, D, Silagy, C (eds.) 2005, Oxford textbook of primary medical care, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kernick, D Scott, A 2002, ‘Economic approaches to doctor/nurse skill mix: problems, pitfalls, and partial solutions’, Th e British Journal of General Practice, vol 52, no. 474, pp. 42-46. Kernick, D Scott, A 2002, ‘Economic evaluation and doctor/nurse skill mix’, in D Kernick (ed.), Getting health economics into practice, Radcliffe Medical Press, Oxon. Mason, S, Coleman, P, O’Keefe, C, Ratcliffe, J Nicholl, J 2006, ‘The evolution of the emergency care practitioner role in England: experiences and impact’, Emergency Medical Journal, vol 23, no. 6, pp. 435-439. Maynard, A Scott, A. 2003, Advances in health economics, John Wiley Sons Ltd, West Sussex. McCormack, B McCance, T 2010, Personal-centered nursing – theory and practice, Wiley-Blackwell, Iowa. McGuire, A, Henderson, J Mooney, G 1988, The economics of health care: an introductory text, Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd, London. Peat, JK, Mellis, C Williams, K 2002, Health science research: a handbook of quantitative methods, SAGE Publications, London. Shumbusho, F, van Griensven, J, Lowrance, D, Turate, I, We aver, M al, E 2009, ‘Task shifting for scale-up of HIV care: Evauation of Nurse-Centered Antiretroviral Treatment at Rural Health Centers in Rwanda’, PLoS Medicine, vol 6, no. 10, p. e1000163. West, MA 2004, Effective Teamwork: Practical Lessons from Organizational Research, 2nd edn, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA. Yoder-Wise, PS 2003, Leading and managing in nursing, 3rd edn, Elsevier Health Sciences, Malden, MA. This coursework on The Concept of Skill Mix in the Health Economy was written and submitted by user GitHoskins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.